CALORIFIC VALUES AND PEM

 






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Nephron Vs Nephridium (Meta-nephidia & Proto-nephridia)

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  Nephrons  Each kidney has nearly one million complex tubular structures called nephrons (Figure 19.3), which are the functional units. Each nephron has two parts – the glomerulus and the renal tubule. Glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries formed bythe afferent arteriole – a fine branch of renal artery. Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an efferent arteriole   The nephridium (plural nephridia) is an invertebrate organ, found in pairs and performing a function similar to the vertebrate kidney. Nephridia remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body. In addition to two basic categories ( metanephridia and protonephridia ), other types may exist. Metanephridia A metanephridium (meta = "after") is a type of excretory gland found in many types of invertebrates such as annelids, arthropods and mollusca. (In mollusca, it is known as the Bojanus organ.) A metanephridium typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity, or coelom connected to a duct...
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DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

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DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION Food is one of the basic requirements of all living organisms.  The major components of our food are carbohydrates, proteins and fats.  Vitamins and minerals are also required in small quantities.  Food provides energy and organic materials for growth and repair of tissues.  The water we take in, plays an important role in metabolic processes and also prevents dehydration of the body.  Biomacromolecules in food cannot be utilised by our body in their original form. They have to be broken down and converted into simple substances in the digestive system.  This process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion and is carried out by our digestive system by mechanical and biochemical methods.  General organisation of the human digestive system is shown in Figure 16.1. 16.1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the a...
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16.3 ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED PRODUCTS

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16.3 ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED PRODUCTS  Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.  It is carried out by passive, active or facilitated transport mechanisms.  Small amounts of monosaccharides like glucose, amino acids and some electrolytes like chloride ions are generally absorbed by simple diffusion .  The passage of these substances into the blood depends upon the concentration gradients.  However, some substances like glucose and amino acids are absorbed with the help of carrier proteins. This mechanism is called the facilitated transport . Transport of water depends upon the osmotic gradient.  Active transport occurs against the concentration gradient and hence requires energy.  Various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose, electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood by Active transport  mechanism.  Fatty acids and glyc...
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