14.6 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

14.6 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

You have learnt in Chapter 13, the characteristics of population and community and also their response to environment and how such responses vary from an individual response.
Let us examine another aspect of community response to environment over time.

Bcological succession:

The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called ecological succession.
An important characteristic of all communities is that composition and structure constantly change in response to the changing environmental conditions.
This change is orderly and sequential, parallel with the changes in the physical environment.
These changes lead finally to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and that is called a climax community.

Sere(s):

The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called sere(s).
The individual transitional communities are termed seral stages or seral communities.
In the successive seral stages there is a change in the diversity of species of organisms, increase in the number of species and organisms as well as an increase in the total biomass.

Types of sere:

Process:

The present day communities in the world have come to be because of succession that has occurred over millions of years since life started on earth.
Actually succession and evolution would have been parallel processes at that time.
During succession some species colonise an area and their populations become more numerous, whereas populations of other species decline and even disappear.

1. Primary succession:

Primary succession is a process that starts where no living organisms are there – these could be areas where no living organisms ever existed, say bare rock
Examples of areas where primary succession occurs are newly cooled lava, bare rock, newly created pond or reservoir.
The establishment of a new biotic community is generally slow.
Before a biotic community of diverse organisms can become established, there must be soil.
Depending mostly on the climate, it takes natural processes several hundred to several thousand years to produce fertile soil on bare rock.

2. Secondary succession

Secondary succession occurs in an areas that somehow, lost all the living organisms that existed there.
Secondary succession begins in areas where natural biotic communities have been destroyed such as in abandoned farm lands, burned or cut forests, lands that have been flooded.
Since some soil or sediment is present, succession is faster than primary succession.
Description of ecological succession usually focuses on changes in vegetation.
However, these vegetational changes in turn affect food and shelter for various types of animals.
Thus, as succession proceeds, the numbers and types of animals and decomposers also change.
At any time during primary or secondary succession, natural or human induced disturbances (fire, deforestation, etc.), can convert aparticular seral stage of succession to an earlier stage.
Also such disturbances create new conditions that encourage some species and discourage or eliminate other species.

14.6.1 Succession of Plants

Based on the nature of the habitat – whether it is water (or very wet areas) or it is on very dry areas – succession of plants is called hydrach or xerarch, respectively.
Hydrarch succession takes place in wetter areas and the successional series progress from hydric to the mesic conditions.
As against this, xerarch succession takes place in dry areas and the series progress from xeric to mesic conditions.
Hence, both hydrarch and xerach successions lead to medium water conditions (mesic) – neither too dry (xeric) nor too wet (hydric).
The species that invade a bare area are called pioneer species.

1. Hydrarch succession

In primary succession in water, the pioneers are the small phytoplanktons (pioneer species), they are replaced with time by free-floating angiosperms, then by rooted hydrophytes, sedges, grasses and finally the trees.
With time the water body is converted into land.
phytoplanktons > free-floating angiosperms > rooted hydrophytes > sedges > grasses > trees
phytoplanktons > submerge plant stage > submerge free floating plant > Reed Swamp stage > Marsh-Meadow stage > Scrub stage > Forest (climax stage)

2. Xerarch succession

In primary succession on rocks these are usually lichens (pioneer species) which are able to secrete acids to dissolve rock, helping in weathering and soil formation.
These later pave way to some very small plants like bryophytes, which are able to take hold in the small amount of soil.
They are, with time, succeeded by bigger plants, and after several more stages, ultimately a stable climax forest community is formed.
The climax community remains stable as long as the environment remains unchanged.
With time the xerophytic habitat gets converted into a mesophytic one.
The climax again would be a forest.
lichens > bryophytes > bigger plants > several more stages > forest

In secondary succession the species that invade depend on the condition of the soil, availability of water, the environment as also the seeds or other propagules present.
Since soil is already there, the rate of succession is much faster and hence, climax is also reached more quickly.
What is important to understand is that succession, particularly primary succession, is a very slow process, taking maybe thousands of years for the climax to be reached.
Another important fact is to understand that all succession whether taking place in water or on land, proceeds to a similar climax community – the mesic.

NEET BIOLOGY BY SHASHI SIR